William F. Oldham
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William Fitzjames Oldham, Bishop (b. 15 December, 1854, Bangalore, South India d. 27 March, 1937, Pasedena, California, United States), born of Irish descent, was founder and first Bishop of the Methodist church in Malaya. He was known for his fine preaching, teaching and charisma, and is also most recognised for his work in education, in particular, the establishment of Methodist schools in Singapore. He was appointed Missionary Bishop of Southern Asia in 1904 which included Malaya. Although he stayed not more than 12 years in Singapore, his impact in the sphere of Methodism and education remains till today.
Early Life
Early Life
Born to an Irish family while his father was serving in a British regiment in India, Oldham lost his mother when only a baby and was nursed and brought up by an Indian ayah. His father, though a Catholic, had turned anti-Romanist, and Oldham had absorbed the religious teachings of the Protestants when attending Anglican schools. He recollected that as a child of six, missionaries had taught him the childs prayer, "O Lord save me, O Lord Christ convert me" which remained with him to adulthood and helped transform his faith. The young Oldham studied Paley's Evidences of Christianity so well he won a competitive prize for this subject. Oldham's keen abilities in apologetics came to the fore in Madras Christian College where non-Christians frequently presented strong counter-arguments against Christianity. Yet Oldham claimed that during this time he did not yet have a true Christian faith.
Oldham began his early career as head of a small school in Madras under the London Missionary Society, and later served as Assistant Master in Bishop Cottons grammar school in Bangalore. A trained engineer, he was handpicked for the Great Trigonometric Survey of India, a key 19th century survey of India and its adjoining lands. It was in 1873, in the midst of this secular work, that Oldham was invited to the preaching tents of visiting American Daniel O. Fox. The teachings of these Methodist missionaries, led by Bishop William Taylor, were strange yet attractive to Oldham. Bishop Taylor himself had served in far-flung mission fields including the Americas and Australia, and had been brought to India through the invitation of Bishop James Thoburn. Bishop Thoburn also had an Irish background, and he was to be an influence on Oldham's decision to serve in Southeast Asia and thereafter to assume the mantle of the Bishopric. Oldham later compiled Thoburn's biography in a work entitled Thoburn Called of God (1918), testifying to the influence of his mentor.
Upon his conversion, Oldham sought his father's permission to join the Methodist Church. Taken by his son's deference toward him on this matter, his father soon joined the church himself. By 1876, Oldham had obtained his local preacher's license from the Poona Quarterly Conference. This enabled him to preach in Methodist churches. In Poona, Oldham married Marie A. Mulligan, an Anglo-Indian whom he had met at the Taylor evangelistic outreach, before taking on an appointment to Bangalore soon after. It was at Bangalore that the Oldhams established a Methodist school for Europeans and Eurasians after seeing how the children of Methodists were being discriminated against. Thus began the couple's life-long ministry in education. The school later became known as the Baldwin Schools of Bangalore.
In 1879, Oldham travelled alone to study at the Alleghany College in Pennsylvania. Marie joined him after he had earned enough for two. By 1883, Oldham graduated from the Boston University with his theological degree, although Marie was unable to finish her studies due to ill-health.
Ministry in Singapore
The Oldhams were then appointed to accompany Bishop Thoburn to begin pioneering Methodist work in Singapore. They arrived on 7 February 1885 on the SS Khandalla, and was welcomed by Charles Phillips. The Oldhams' work included English services at the Town Hall, talks in homes, evangelistic meetings at The Christian Institute at Waterloo Street and regular street preaching. Sometimes pelted by rotten eggs during his outdoor preaching, this gifted orator nevertheless attracted a following, and on Oldham's 32nd birthday in 1886, the first local Methodist Church held its dedication service. In due time, it became known as the Wesley Methodist Church. At its stone-laying ceremony in 1907, Oldham remembered, with pride, how the church had been self-sufficient from the day it was established, funded mainly by a small band of believers united by the English language and their faith.
The first Chinese to join the Methodist Church led Oldham to participate in the Celestial Reasoning Association, a debating society which the Straits Chinese formed to help develop their skills in English and moral thinking. At a meeting held in the home of Tan Keong Saik, Oldham gave a talk on astronomy. The Association, presided by the Chinese Consul to Singapore, thus introduced Oldham to educated and well-to-do Chinese merchants who were keen to have their sons and themselves educated in English and Western culture. With 36 boys in a shophouse and strong funding from these Chinese merchants, Oldham began the Anglo-Chinese School at 70 Amoy Street on 1 March 1886. The first boys included Tan Keong Saik's sons and Tan Jiak Kim's brothers. Within a year he had an enrolment of more than 100 boys. Oldham was greatly encouraged when half of the $12,000 required to build the new school building at Coleman Street was almost wholly raised by the Chinese largely through the influence of Tan Jiak Kim. Thus began Oldham's educational mission in Singapore.
In addition to founding the Anglo-Chinese School, Oldham also established the Anglo-Tamil School in September 1885 with the help of the first foreign recruit, M Gnanamuthoo, a Tamil teacher who had been a resident in Rangoon. It was, however, the education of girls that Oldham was keen to leave his mark. With strong help from Sophia Blackmore, an Australian missionary who had arrived in Singapore via India in 1887, the Fairfield Methodist Girls' School as well as the Methodist Girls' School were subsequently established. Although these schools were built as American Methodist institutions, the Englishman had good support from the British government in Malaya. In the setting up of these institutions, Oldham had also received much help from fellow missionaries and educationists such as Dr Shellabear, Rev. W. T. Cherry, Rev. G. F. Pykett and Rev. W. E. Horley. These schools extended English education to the locals and thus laid the foundation of an English-speaking workforce. Some of Oldham's noteworthy pupils included Rev Goh Hood Keng, one of the earliest local preachers.
Oldham also continued Ms Cooke's ministry for seamen, holding Sunday services on-board ships. With his fluency in Tamil, he held regular services for jailed Tamil prisoners at the Bras Basah jail. Oldham went on to appoint Benjamin Pillai to serve the Tamil community. Work amongst the Tamils grew steadily under the leadership of C. W. Underwood who had come to Singapore via Jaffna, Ceylon in 1887. Oldham was also instrumental in helping to set up the publishing industry in the Methodist church, which he did by purchasing a printing press and by sending W. G. Shellabear, a noteworthy Malay scholar, for training in printing. This eventually led to the establishment of the Methodist Publishing House (MPH). Oldham was also involved in the early beginnings of medical missions which was spearheaded by Dr B. F. West, with Oldham bringing medical supplies from India. Unfortunately, with a full day teaching at school and preaching on weekends, the work soon took its toll on Oldham who, after four years of labour, had to take leave for the United States in 1889.
Ministry in the United States and Asia
Oldham began his early career as head of a small school in Madras under the London Missionary Society, and later served as Assistant Master in Bishop Cottons grammar school in Bangalore. A trained engineer, he was handpicked for the Great Trigonometric Survey of India, a key 19th century survey of India and its adjoining lands. It was in 1873, in the midst of this secular work, that Oldham was invited to the preaching tents of visiting American Daniel O. Fox. The teachings of these Methodist missionaries, led by Bishop William Taylor, were strange yet attractive to Oldham. Bishop Taylor himself had served in far-flung mission fields including the Americas and Australia, and had been brought to India through the invitation of Bishop James Thoburn. Bishop Thoburn also had an Irish background, and he was to be an influence on Oldham's decision to serve in Southeast Asia and thereafter to assume the mantle of the Bishopric. Oldham later compiled Thoburn's biography in a work entitled Thoburn Called of God (1918), testifying to the influence of his mentor.
Upon his conversion, Oldham sought his father's permission to join the Methodist Church. Taken by his son's deference toward him on this matter, his father soon joined the church himself. By 1876, Oldham had obtained his local preacher's license from the Poona Quarterly Conference. This enabled him to preach in Methodist churches. In Poona, Oldham married Marie A. Mulligan, an Anglo-Indian whom he had met at the Taylor evangelistic outreach, before taking on an appointment to Bangalore soon after. It was at Bangalore that the Oldhams established a Methodist school for Europeans and Eurasians after seeing how the children of Methodists were being discriminated against. Thus began the couple's life-long ministry in education. The school later became known as the Baldwin Schools of Bangalore.
In 1879, Oldham travelled alone to study at the Alleghany College in Pennsylvania. Marie joined him after he had earned enough for two. By 1883, Oldham graduated from the Boston University with his theological degree, although Marie was unable to finish her studies due to ill-health.
Ministry in Singapore
The Oldhams were then appointed to accompany Bishop Thoburn to begin pioneering Methodist work in Singapore. They arrived on 7 February 1885 on the SS Khandalla, and was welcomed by Charles Phillips. The Oldhams' work included English services at the Town Hall, talks in homes, evangelistic meetings at The Christian Institute at Waterloo Street and regular street preaching. Sometimes pelted by rotten eggs during his outdoor preaching, this gifted orator nevertheless attracted a following, and on Oldham's 32nd birthday in 1886, the first local Methodist Church held its dedication service. In due time, it became known as the Wesley Methodist Church. At its stone-laying ceremony in 1907, Oldham remembered, with pride, how the church had been self-sufficient from the day it was established, funded mainly by a small band of believers united by the English language and their faith.
The first Chinese to join the Methodist Church led Oldham to participate in the Celestial Reasoning Association, a debating society which the Straits Chinese formed to help develop their skills in English and moral thinking. At a meeting held in the home of Tan Keong Saik, Oldham gave a talk on astronomy. The Association, presided by the Chinese Consul to Singapore, thus introduced Oldham to educated and well-to-do Chinese merchants who were keen to have their sons and themselves educated in English and Western culture. With 36 boys in a shophouse and strong funding from these Chinese merchants, Oldham began the Anglo-Chinese School at 70 Amoy Street on 1 March 1886. The first boys included Tan Keong Saik's sons and Tan Jiak Kim's brothers. Within a year he had an enrolment of more than 100 boys. Oldham was greatly encouraged when half of the $12,000 required to build the new school building at Coleman Street was almost wholly raised by the Chinese largely through the influence of Tan Jiak Kim. Thus began Oldham's educational mission in Singapore.
In addition to founding the Anglo-Chinese School, Oldham also established the Anglo-Tamil School in September 1885 with the help of the first foreign recruit, M Gnanamuthoo, a Tamil teacher who had been a resident in Rangoon. It was, however, the education of girls that Oldham was keen to leave his mark. With strong help from Sophia Blackmore, an Australian missionary who had arrived in Singapore via India in 1887, the Fairfield Methodist Girls' School as well as the Methodist Girls' School were subsequently established. Although these schools were built as American Methodist institutions, the Englishman had good support from the British government in Malaya. In the setting up of these institutions, Oldham had also received much help from fellow missionaries and educationists such as Dr Shellabear, Rev. W. T. Cherry, Rev. G. F. Pykett and Rev. W. E. Horley. These schools extended English education to the locals and thus laid the foundation of an English-speaking workforce. Some of Oldham's noteworthy pupils included Rev Goh Hood Keng, one of the earliest local preachers.
Oldham also continued Ms Cooke's ministry for seamen, holding Sunday services on-board ships. With his fluency in Tamil, he held regular services for jailed Tamil prisoners at the Bras Basah jail. Oldham went on to appoint Benjamin Pillai to serve the Tamil community. Work amongst the Tamils grew steadily under the leadership of C. W. Underwood who had come to Singapore via Jaffna, Ceylon in 1887. Oldham was also instrumental in helping to set up the publishing industry in the Methodist church, which he did by purchasing a printing press and by sending W. G. Shellabear, a noteworthy Malay scholar, for training in printing. This eventually led to the establishment of the Methodist Publishing House (MPH). Oldham was also involved in the early beginnings of medical missions which was spearheaded by Dr B. F. West, with Oldham bringing medical supplies from India. Unfortunately, with a full day teaching at school and preaching on weekends, the work soon took its toll on Oldham who, after four years of labour, had to take leave for the United States in 1889.
Ministry in the United States and Asia
Even in America, Oldham continued to served actively, leading churches, lecturing and encouraging future church leaders to work in Southeast Asia. He established a vibrant ministry while serving as a pastor in Butler Street Church in Pittsburg, and was also the Chair of Missions at the Ohio Wesleyan University. At Pittsburg, a revival drew more than 60 young men. Among them was Titus Lowe who later succeeded Oldham as Bishop to Malaysia. In 1895, at Ohio Wesleyan University, Oldham founded the Chair of Missions and Comparative Religions, and taught about Southeast Asia from his years of experience.
When he was appointed in 1904 as Missionary Bishop of Southern Asia, Oldham used Singapore as his base for his travels to the Philippines, Indonesia and parts of Malaya. He was officially welcomed as Bishop in Singapore on 23 February 1905. Under his episcopacy, he extended the missions to the Malay Peninsula and Java and Sumatra. Oldham also organised the missions into the four key language groups, namely English, Tamil, Malay and Chinese - a structure that continues to exist in the Methodist churches of Singapore today. Continuing his work in educational missions, Oldham pushed for a higher level of education and mooted for an Anglo-Chinese College but this did not materialised until the founding of the Raffles College decades later. He also saw to the founding of the Jean Hamilton Memorial School, the first local institution to train Asian ministers. On 4 February 1909, Oldham officially opened the Wesley Methodist Church. During this time, Oldham published his reflections on Malaya in a book entitled Malaysia: Natures wonderland (1907).
During his term, Oldham also faced difficult challenges. In 1909, Nicholas Zamora, an eloquent leader in the Methodist Church in the Philippines, led an attempt to secede from the episcopacy which Oldham had been heading. The painful split in the Filipina Methodist Church was a difficult matter for the Bishop.
Ministry Beyond Asia
Despite his popularity and success, Oldham's term as Bishop in Asia came to an abrupt in 1912 when he was appointed a Coordinate Secretary to the Methodist Board of Foreign Missions in New York. His abilities in fund raising and networking were needed to reduce the financial crisis the Board was facing. Oldham rose to the occassion and settled the crisis in four years. Whilst in this position, he also encouraged more indigenous leadership. Oldham went on to take charge of the Methodist work as Bishop to South America in Buenos Aires in 1916. Even there, he and his wife continued to establish schools.
In Asia, Oldham saw two major losses to his missions: the Java missions was discontinued in 1928, and the Methodist Publishing House was relinquished to a secular company in 1927. The Oldhams ended their term of service in 1928 where Oldham retired to Broad Street Church in Columbus, Ohio, before returning to Bangalore in 1933.
In November 1934, Oldham and his wife returned to Singapore from Bangalore to celebrate the Golden Jubilee (50th anniversary) of the founding of the Methodist Church in Singapore which was to be held in January the following year. By this time the Oldhams had become American citizens. This was to be Oldham's last visit to Singapore. He passed away at the age of 83 in Pasedena, California on 27 March 1937.
Today, Oldham is remembered annually on 1 March, designated as Founder's Day at the Anglo-Chinese Schools. In memory of him, the Wesley Methodist church also erected an apse in 1957 to commemorate its 50th anniversary. The stained-glass window at the apse shows the life of Oldham and the church's milestones. Oldham Lane near Dhoby Gaut, is named after him.
Education
When he was appointed in 1904 as Missionary Bishop of Southern Asia, Oldham used Singapore as his base for his travels to the Philippines, Indonesia and parts of Malaya. He was officially welcomed as Bishop in Singapore on 23 February 1905. Under his episcopacy, he extended the missions to the Malay Peninsula and Java and Sumatra. Oldham also organised the missions into the four key language groups, namely English, Tamil, Malay and Chinese - a structure that continues to exist in the Methodist churches of Singapore today. Continuing his work in educational missions, Oldham pushed for a higher level of education and mooted for an Anglo-Chinese College but this did not materialised until the founding of the Raffles College decades later. He also saw to the founding of the Jean Hamilton Memorial School, the first local institution to train Asian ministers. On 4 February 1909, Oldham officially opened the Wesley Methodist Church. During this time, Oldham published his reflections on Malaya in a book entitled Malaysia: Natures wonderland (1907).
During his term, Oldham also faced difficult challenges. In 1909, Nicholas Zamora, an eloquent leader in the Methodist Church in the Philippines, led an attempt to secede from the episcopacy which Oldham had been heading. The painful split in the Filipina Methodist Church was a difficult matter for the Bishop.
Ministry Beyond Asia
Despite his popularity and success, Oldham's term as Bishop in Asia came to an abrupt in 1912 when he was appointed a Coordinate Secretary to the Methodist Board of Foreign Missions in New York. His abilities in fund raising and networking were needed to reduce the financial crisis the Board was facing. Oldham rose to the occassion and settled the crisis in four years. Whilst in this position, he also encouraged more indigenous leadership. Oldham went on to take charge of the Methodist work as Bishop to South America in Buenos Aires in 1916. Even there, he and his wife continued to establish schools.
In Asia, Oldham saw two major losses to his missions: the Java missions was discontinued in 1928, and the Methodist Publishing House was relinquished to a secular company in 1927. The Oldhams ended their term of service in 1928 where Oldham retired to Broad Street Church in Columbus, Ohio, before returning to Bangalore in 1933.
In November 1934, Oldham and his wife returned to Singapore from Bangalore to celebrate the Golden Jubilee (50th anniversary) of the founding of the Methodist Church in Singapore which was to be held in January the following year. By this time the Oldhams had become American citizens. This was to be Oldham's last visit to Singapore. He passed away at the age of 83 in Pasedena, California on 27 March 1937.
Today, Oldham is remembered annually on 1 March, designated as Founder's Day at the Anglo-Chinese Schools. In memory of him, the Wesley Methodist church also erected an apse in 1957 to commemorate its 50th anniversary. The stained-glass window at the apse shows the life of Oldham and the church's milestones. Oldham Lane near Dhoby Gaut, is named after him.
Education
18--: Bangalore, Bishop Cottons grammar school
1869: Madras Christian College
1879: Alleghany College in Pennsylvania and Boston University in preparation for missionary work
Career & Life
1885 - 1889: Served as Pastor and founder of Methodism in Singapore. Leaves on account of ill-health
1889: Pastor Butler Street Church, Pittsburg
1894: Began prayer services at Morningside, Pittsburg
1894: Began prayer services at Morningside, Pittsburg
1895: Chair of Missions and Comparative Religions at Ohio Wesleyan University
1895: Pastor of St Pauls Church, Delaware and subsequently Pastor at Broad Street Church, Columbus, Ohio.
1900 - 1904: Assistant Missionary Secretary, Missionary Society, United States
1904: Appointed as Missionary Bishop for Southern Asia covering South India, Malaysia and the Philippines
January 1906: Suddenly recalled to America whilst leading the Methodist Episcopal Missions Annual Conference in Manila
1907: Served on the Opium Commission, writing a paper recommending the gradual elimination of the opiate and spoke against the British for their poor support in ending the opium trade
1908: The Missionary Bishops for Southern Asia is subdivided into three with Oldham taking charge of Burma, Malaya and the Philippines
1909: Oldham deals with a schism in the Filipino Methodist church diplomatically as a breakaway group headed by Nicolas Zamora sought to establish native church leadership
26 April 1910: Returns from the Philippines to Malaya, before heading up to Europe
1912: Oldham completes his term as Bishop in Singapore. Thereafter he goes to New York as Coordinate Secretary Corresponding Secretary for the Methodist Board of Foreign Missions
1916: Bishop of South America, serving in Buenos Aires for 12 years
1918: Wrote and published Thoburn Called of God
December 1926: Returns to Singapore
1934: Returned to Singapore to commemorate the fiftieth year of his missions along with such notable missionaries as Sophia Blackmore. However, he had to leave Singapore earlier than planned due to ill health.
Published Works
Published Works
1902: Isabella Thoburn
1907: Malaysia: Natures wonderland
1907: Malaysia: Natures wonderland
1914: India, Malaysia, and the Philippines : A practical study in missions
1918: Thoburn Called of God
Family
Family
Father: James Oldham, an officer of reasonably high rank in the Indian regiment
Mother: Mary Elizabeth Burling
Author
Bonny Tan
References
Author
Bonny Tan
References
Doraisamy, T. R. (1979). Oldham - called of God : profile of a pioneer : Bishop William Fitzjames Oldham. Singapore: Methodist Book Room
(Call no.: RSING 287.15900994 OLD)
Doraisamy, T. R. (1982). The march of Methodism in Singapore and Malaysia, 1885 1980 (pp. 1-25). Singapore: Methodist Book Room
(Call no.: RSING 287.095957 DOR)
Doraisamy, T. R. (Ed.). (1982). Forever beginninig: One hundred years of Methodism in Singapore (Vol. 1, pp. 4-17). Singapore: The Methodist Church in Singapore.
(Call no.: RSING 287.095957 FOR)
Koh, T., Auger, T., Yap, J. et. al. (2006). Singapore: The encyclopedia (p.390). Singapore: Editions Didier Millet.
(Call no.: RSING 959.57003 SIN)
Makepeace, W., Brooke, G. E., & Braddell, R. St. J. (Eds.). (1991). One hundred years of Singapore (Vol. 2, pp. 267-270). Singapore: Oxford University Press.
Makepeace, W., Brooke, G. E., & Braddell, R. St. J. (Eds.). (1991). One hundred years of Singapore (Vol. 2, pp. 267-270). Singapore: Oxford University Press.
(Call no.: RSING 959.57 ONE)
Arrival of Bishop Oldham [Microfilm: NL 297]. (1905, February 2). The Straits Times, p. 5.
Arrival of Bishop Oldham [Microfilm: NL 297]. (1905, February 2). The Straits Times, p. 5.
Bishop Oldham: Back in Malaya for Methodist Jubilee [Microfilm: NL 1493]. (1934, November 19). The Straits Times, p. 10.
Bishop Oldham: Celebration of his 75th birthday [Microfilm: NL 632]. (1930, February 5). The Straits Times, p. 17.
Bishop Oldham to leave early [Microfilm: NL 1495]. (1935, January 18). The Straits Times, p. 13.
Bishop Oldham: Relinquishes his work in Malaysia [Microfilm: NL 362]. (1912, July 10). The Straits Times, p. 9.
Bishop Oldham and opium [Microfilm: NL 328]. (1910, October 4). The Straits Times, p. 6.
Bishop Oldham - The founder of Malayan Methodism [Microfilm: NL 549]. (1926, December 30). The Straits Times, p. 10.
Bishop Oldham's return to Singapore [Microfilm: NL297]. (1905, January 19). The Straits Times, p. 8.
Bishop W. F. Oldham D. D.: An appreciation [Microfilm: NL 297]. (1905, January 20). The Straits Times, p. 5.
C-Gs tribute to Bishop [Microfilm: NL 2507]. (1951, March 2). The Straits Times, p. 7.
Chan, Chin Bock. (1956, February 26). The sentinel of Bukit Timah [Microfilm: NL 1814]. The Straits Times, p. 17.
Fifty years of Malayan Methodism [Microfilm: NL 1494]. (1934, December 16). The Straits Times, p. 5.
Local tribute to Bishop Oldham [Microfilm: NL 1522]. (1937, April 12). The Straits Times, p. 13.
Malaya's future [Microfilm: NL 539]. (1927, February 7). The Straits Times, p. 12.
Memorial to a Methodist pioneer [Microfilm: NL 1807]. (1957, April 23). The Straits Times, p. 5.
A Methodist schism: Independence causes secession in Philippines [Microfilm: NL 319]. (1909, March 16). The Straits Times, p. 7.
A mission for seamen [Microfilm: NL 299]. (1905, May 9). The Straits Times, p. 5.
"The Morning Light" Historical pageant. The founding of Methodism [Microfilm: NL 1495]. (1935, January 8). The Straits Times, p. 13.
Veteran founder of Malayan Methodist Mission dead [Microfilm: NL 1521]. (1937, March 30). The Straits Times, p. 12.
A vision that was fulfilled. Methodists Jubilee. Wonderful tributes to Bishop Oldham [Microfilm: NL 1495]. (1935, January 10). The Straits Times, p. 7.
Teo, P. & Lau, E. (2005, February). Celebrating our 120th anniversary. Methodist Message. Retrieved August 14, 2008 from http://www.methodistmessage.com/feb2005/120anniversary.html
Further Readings
Means, N. T. (1935). Malaysia mosaic: A story of fifty years of Methodism [Microfilm: NL 7461, NL 26023] . Singapore: Methodist Book Room.
(Call no.: RRARE 287.1595 MEA)
Lau, Earnest. (2008). From mission to church: The evolution of the Methodist Church in Singapore and Malaysia, 1885 1976. Singapore: Genesis Books
(Call no.: RSING 287.095957 LAU)
Cosmopolitan city [Microfilm: NL 533]. (1925, August 8). The Straits Times, p. 15 .
Mainly about Malayans [Microfilm: NL 1522]. (1937, April 4). The Straits Times, p. 9.
New Methodist church [Microfilm: NL 1976]. (1907, December 13). The Straits Times, p. 8
Image
Doraisamy, T. R (Ed.). (1982). Forever beginninig: One hundred years of Methodism in Singapore (Vol. 1, pp. 5). Singapore: The Methodist Church in Singapore.
(Call no.: RSING 287.095957 FOR)
The information in this article is valid as at 2008 and correct as far as we are able to ascertain from our sources. It is not intended to be an exhaustive or complete history of the subject. Please contact the Library for further reading materials on the topic.
Subject
Politics and Government>>Education
Oldham, William Fitzjames, 1854-1937
Missionaries--Singapore--Biography
Methodist Church--Singapore
Philosophy, psychology and religion>>Religion>>Christianity